Markov Model Simulation and Analysis for Future Expectation of Awarded Grades for IB Secondary Schools

M.  W.   Ameen

doi:10.36371/port.2024.3.2

Authors

M. W. Ameen College of Health and Medical Technologies, Uruk University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract References Downloads Cite Statistics Share Information

Markov Chains can be a valuable tool for analyzing expected awarded grades in the International Baccalaureate (IB) program for secondary schools. A core principle of the IB program is the emphasis on student progress throughout the two-year Diploma Programme (DP). Markov Chains excel at modeling transitions between states, which in this case, could represent different grade levels (e.g., predicted grade of 4 transitioning to a final awarded grade of 5).

One of the complicated parts in the teaching system is how to conduct the evaluation process. The absence of an ideal evaluation standard is a problem in the teaching system at all [4, 5]. In this study, it is aimed to implement Markov mathematics in analyzing and modeling the IB Diploma Statistical Bulletin of May examination sessions, which is interesting and the most common to any IB student. Markov model will be realized using students’ grades which were contained the awarded grades for each of the six EE groups. The data are examination results from 427452 students in 2211 schools for nine years of the IB Diploma statistical bulletin of May examination sessions 2006 – 2014 [6].

Keywords:

Markov Model, , Wavelet Transform, , Multiwavelet Transform, Neural Network

[1] What's the Easiest Extended Essay Subject? Ib Blueprint. YouTube, 23 Oct. 2012. Web. 1May 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5U-o6y0o4wg>.

[2] Eric Fosler Lussie, “Markov Models and Hidden Markov Models: A Brief Tutorial” International Computer Science Institute, 1998. http://di.ubi.pt/~jpaulo/competence/tutorials/hmm-tutorial-1.

[3] Charles M. Grinstead, PA, and J. Laurie Snell, ”Introduction to Probability”, American Mathematical Society, Chapter 11, Markov Chains pp. 405-470, 2014.

[4] Harvey Goldstein, Jon Rasbash, Min Yang, Geoffrey Woodhouse, Huiqi Pan, Desmond Nuttal & Sally Thomas, “ A Multilevel Analysis of School Examination Results”, Oxford Review of Education,Vol.,19, No. 4, pages 425-433, 1993.

[5] NUTTAlL, D., GOLDSTEIN, H., PROSSER, R. & RASBASH, J., “Differential school effectiveness” Journal of Educational Research, Vol.13, No. 7, pp.769-776,(1989).

[6] The IB Diploma Programme Statistical bulletin (May 2006- May 2014) Examination Sessions.http://www.ibo.org/about-the-ib/facts-and-figures/statistical-bulletins/diploma- programme-statistical-bulletin/

[7] T. Chai1,2 and R. R. Draxler, “Root mean square error (RMSE) or mean absolute error (MAE)? Arguments against avoiding RMSE in the literature”, Geoscientific Model Development., vol. 7, 1247–1250, 2014.

[8] W. A. Mahmoud, LAM Bennett “Speech Recognition Based Upon a Segment Classification and Labelling Technique and Hidden Markov Model” Canadian Acoustics, Vol. 14, PP.91-92, 1986.

[9] WA Mahmoud, AS Hadi, TM Jawad “Development of a 2-D Wavelet Transform based on Kronecker Product” - Al-Nahrain Journal of Science, Vol. 15, Issue 4, PP. 208-213, 2012.

[10] H. Al-Taai, Waleed A. Mahmoud & M. Abdulwahab “New fast method for computing multiwavelet coefficients from 1D up to 3D” , Proc. 1st Int. Conference on Digital Comm. & Comp. App., Jordan, PP. 412-422, 2007.

[11] RA Dihin, E AlShemmary, W Al-Jawher “Diabetic Retinopathy Classification Using Swin Transformer with Multi Wavelet” Journal of Kufa for Mathematics and Computer 10 (2), 167-172, 2023.

[12] RA Dihin, E AlShemmary, W Al-Jawher “Implementation Of The Swin Transformer and Its Application In Image Classification” Journal Port Science Research 6 (4), 318-331, 2023.

[13] Rasha Ali Dihin, Ebtesam N. AlShemmary and Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher “Automated Binary Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy by SWIN Transformer” Journal of Al-Qadisiyah for computer science and mathematics (JQCM), Vol 15, Issue 1, PP. 169-178, 2023.

[14] Rasha Ali Dihin, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher, Ebtesam N AlShemmary “Diabetic Retinopathy Image Classification Using Shift Window Transformer”, International Journal of Innovative Computing, Vol. 13, Issue 1-2, PP. 23-29, 2022.

[15] Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher, T Abbas – “Feature combination and mapping using multiwavelet transform” IASJ, AL-Rafidain, Issue 19, Pages 13-34, 2006

[16] WA Mahmoud, MS Abdulwahab, HN Al-Taai: “The Determination of 3D Multiwavelet Transform” IJCCCE, vol. 2, issue 4, 2005.

[17] WA Mahmoud, ALM Rasheed “3D Image Denoising by Using 3D Multiwavelet” AL-Mustansiriya J. Sci 21 (7), 108-136, 2010.

[18] [WA Mahmoud “Computation of Wavelet and Multiwavelet Transforms Using Fast Fourier Transform” Journal Port Science Research 4 (2), 111-117, 2021.

[19] Walid A Mahmoud, Majed E Alneby, Wael H Zayer “2D-multiwavelet transform 2D-two activation function wavelet network-based face recognition” J. Appl. Sci. Res, vol. 6, issue 8, 1019-1028, 2010.

[20] Hamid M Hasan, Waleed A. Mahmoud Al- Jawher, Majid A Alwan “3-d face recognition using improved 3d mixed transform” Journal International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 278-290, 2012.

[21] Waleed A Mahmoud, MR Shaker “3D Ear Print Authentication using 3D Radon Transform” proceeding of 2nd International Conference on Information & Communication Technologies, Pages 1052-1056, 2006.

[22] AHM Al-Heladi, WA Mahmoud, HA Hali, AF Fadhel “Multispectral Image Fusion using Walidlet Transform” Advances in Modelling and Analysis B, Volume 52, Iss. 1-2, pp. 1-20, 2009.

[23] Waleed Ameen Mahmoud “A Smart Single Matrix Realization of Fast Walidlet Transform” Journal of Research and Reviews in Computer Science, Volume 2, Issue, 1, PP 144-151, 2011.

[24] W. A. Mahmoud, J J. Stephan and A. A. Razzak “Facial Expression Recognition Using Fast Walidlet Hybrid Transform” Journal port Science Researchو Volume3, No:1, Pages 59-69 2020.

[25] Maryam I Mousa Al-Khuzaay, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher, “New Proposed Mixed Transforms: CAW and FAW and Their Application in Medical Image Classification” International Journal of Innovative Computing, Volume 13, Issue 1-2, Pages 15-21, 2022.

[26] Waleed A Mahmoud, Dheyaa J Kadhim “A Proposal Algorithm to Solve Delay Constraint Least Cost Optimization Problem” Journal of Engineering, Vol. 19, Iss 1, PP 155-160, 2013.

[27] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher, “Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Arnold Transform and Chaos Theory in the Multi-wavelet Domain”, International Journal of Computers and Applications, Vol. 45, Issue 4, pp. 306-322, 2023.

[28] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher ”Hybrid image encryption algorithm based on compressive sensing, gray wolf optimization, and chaos” , Journal of Electronic Imaging, Volume 32, Issue 4, Pages 043038-043038, 2023.

[29] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher, ”URUK 4D DISCRETE CHAOTIC MAP FOR SECURE COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS” Journal Port Science Research, Vol. 5, Issue 3, PP. 131-141, 2023.

[30] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher, “Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Arnold Transform and Chaos Theory in the Multi-wavelet Domain” International Journal of Computers and Applications, Volume 45, Issue 4, Pages 306-322, 2023.

[31] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher, “WAM 3D discrete chaotic map for secure communication applications” International Journal of Innovative Computing, Volume 13, Issue 1-2, Pages 45-54, 2022.

[32] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher” Hybrid image encryption algorithm based on compressive sensing, gray wolf optimization, and chaos” Journal of Electronic Imaging, Volume 32, Issue 4, Pages 043038-043038, 2023.

[33] Zahraa A Hasan, Suha M Hadi, Waleed A Mahmoud, “Speech scrambler with multiwavelet, Arnold Transform and particle swarm optimization” Journal Pollack Periodica, Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages 125-131, 2023.

[34] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher “A Hybrid Domain Medical Image Encryption Scheme Using URUK and WAM Chaotic Maps with Wavelet–Fourier Transforms” Journal of Cyber Security and Mobility, Pages 435–464-435–464, 2023.

[35] W. A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher Zahraa A Hasan, Suha M. Hadi “Speech scrambling based on multiwavelet and Arnold transformations” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Volume 30, Issue 2, Pages 927-935, 2023.

[36] W. A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher, Zahraa A Hasan, Suha M. Hadi,” Time Domain Speech Scrambler Based on Particle Swarm Optimization” International Journal for Engineering and Information Sciences, Vol. 18, Issue 1, PP. 161-166, 2023.

[37] Qutaiba K Abed, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher “ANEW ARCHITECTURE OF KEY GENERATION USING DWT FOR IMAGE ENCRYPTION WITH THREE LEVELS ARNOLD TRANSFORM PERMUTATION” Journal Port Science Research, Volume 5, Issue 3, Pages 166–177, 2022.

[38] Qutaiba K Abed, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher “A Robust Image Encryption Scheme Based on Block Compressive Sensing and Wavelet Transform” International Journal of Innovative Computing, Volume 13, Issue 1-2, Pages 7-13, 2022.

PDF

Ameen, M. . W. . . (2024). Markov Model Simulation and Analysis for Future Expectation of Awarded Grades for IB Secondary Schools. Journal Port Science Research, 7(3), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.36371/port.2024.3.2