Classifying Anemia Diseases based on VGG-16 and CBAM Attention Mechanism Models
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36371/port.2024.3.10Authors
Anemia is a major public health concern and has a significant impact on women and children worldwide. This condition is caused by a lack of sufficient Red Blood Cells (RBCs). Traditionally, anemia diagnosis has relied on invasive techniques that require blood samples, leading to pain and discomfort. This study explores deep learning techniques for automating and enhancing anemia detection accuracy using the Blood Cell Count and Detection (BCCD) dataset. We employ the VGG16 convolutional neural network architecture augmented with the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) to boost feature representation and performance. The BCCD dataset, consisting of 364 images with 4888 labeled blood cells, was used for training and evaluation. Our enhanced VGG16 model achieved accuracy for RBCs, WBCs, and platelets with values of 0.84, 0.93, and 0.92, respectively, effectively identifying various blood cell types and detecting anemia. Precision-recall analysis and confusion matrix metrics confirmed the robustness of the model, with high precision and recall rates and minimal false positives and negatives. These results suggest that advanced deep learning models with attention mechanisms, such as CBAM, can significantly improve medical diagnostics by providing reliable, efficient, and accurate early disease detection tools. Future development will be directed towards fine-tuning and validating the proposed model on other medical imaging datasets for clinical applications.
Keywords:
Anemia detection, VGG16, CBAM, deep learning, convolutional neural network.[1] M. Mansour, T. B. Donmez, M. Kutlu, and S. Mahmud, “Non-invasive detection of anemia using lip mucosa images transfer learning convolutional neural networks,” Front Big Data, vol. 6, p. 1291329, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.3389/FDATA.2023.1291329/BIBTEX.
[2] E. Purwanti, H. Amelia, Winarno, M. A. Bustomi, M. A. Yatijan, and R. N. Putri, “Anemia Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network Based on Palpebral Conjunctiva Images,” 2023 14th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology and System, ICTS 2023, pp. 117–122, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ICTS58770.2023.10330869.
[3] M. Elmanna, A. Elsafty, Y. Ahmed, M. Rushdi, and A. Morsy, “Deep Learning Segmentation and Classification of Red Blood Cells Using a Large Multi-Scanner Dataset,” arXiv.org, 2024, doi: 10.48550/ARXIV.2403.18468.
[4] [4M. Shahzad et al., “Identification of Anemia and Its Severity Level in a Peripheral Blood Smear Using 3-Tier Deep Neural Network,” Applied Sciences 2022, Vol. 12, Page 5030, vol. 12, no. 10, p. 5030, May 2022, doi: 10.3390/APP12105030.
[5] B. Azam et al., “A Reliable Auto-Robust Analysis of Blood Smear Images for Classification of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia Using Gray Level Matrices and Gabor Feature Bank,” Entropy 2020, Vol. 22, Page 1040, vol. 22, no. 9, p. 1040, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.3390/E22091040.
[6] J. Williams Asare et al., “Iron deficiency anemia detection using machine learning models: A comparative study of fingernails, palm and conjunctiva of the eye images,” Engineering Reports, vol. 5, no. 11, p. e12667, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1002/ENG2.12667.
[7] Saadi Mohammed Saadi, Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher” Enhancing image authenticity: A new approach for binary fake image classification using WT and swin transformer” Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, Vol. 19, Issue 3, PP. 1-10, 2024.
[8] Maryam I Mousa Al-Khuzaie, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher “Enhancing Brain Tumor Classification with a Novel Three-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (3D-CNN) Fusion Model” Journal Port Science Research, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 254-267, 2024.
[9] Maryam I Al-Khuzaie, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher “Enhancing Medical Image Classification: A Deep earning Perspective with Multi Wavelet Transform” Journal Port Science Research, Vol. 6, Issue 4, PP. 365-373, 2023.
[10] Maryam I Mousa Al-Khuzaay, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher, “New Proposed Mixed Transforms: CAW and FAW and Their Application in Medical Image Classification” International Journal of Innovative Computing, Volume 13, Issue 1-2, Pages 15-21, 2022.
[11] W. A. Mahmoud & Ommama Razaq “Speech recognition using new structure for 3D neural network” University of Technology, 1st Computer Conference, PP. 161-171, 2010.
[12] Walid Amin Al-Jawhar, Ayman M Mansour, Zakaria M Kuraz “Multi technique face recognition using PCA/ICA with wavelet and Optical Flow” 2008 5th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, pages 1-6, 2008.
[13] Walid A Mahmoud, Majed E Alneby, Wael H Zayer “2D-Multiwavelet transform 2D-two activation function wavelet network-based face recognition” J. Appl. Sci. Res, vol. 6, issue 8, 1019-1028, 2010.
[14] M Walid A Mahmoud, Majed E Alneby, Wael H Zayer “Multiwavelet Transform and Multi-Dimension-Two Activation Function Wavelet Network Using For Person Identification” Iraqi Journal Of Computers, Communications, Control And Systems Engineering, Vol 11, Issue 1, 2011.
[15] WA Mahmoud, AI Abbas, NAS Alwan “Face Identification Using Back-Propagation Adaptive Multiwavelet” Journal of Engineering 18 (3), 2012.
[16] H. M Hasan, Waleed A. Mahmoud Al- Jawher, M. A Alwan “3-d face recognition using improved 3d mixed transform” Journal International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics, Vo. 6, Issue 1, PP. 278-290, 2012.
[17] Waleed A. Mahmud Al-Jawher, Talib M. J. Abbas Al-Talib, R. Hamudi A. Salman “Fingerprint Image Recognition Using Walidlet Transform” Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Australia, 2012.
[18] Waleed A. Mahmoud, J J. Stephan and A. A. Razzak “Facial Expression Recognition Using Fast Walidlet Hybrid Transform” Journal port Science R9-69 2020.
[19] P. Jain, S. Bauskar, and M. Gyanchandani, “Neural network based non-invasive method to detect anemia from images of eye conjunctiva,” Int J Imaging Syst Technol, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 112–125, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1002/IMA.22359.
[20] W. A. Mahmoud & Z. Ragib “Face Recognition Using PCA and Optical Flow” Engineering Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 1, PP. 35-47, 2007.
[21] Adnan HM Al-Helali, Hamza A Ali, Buthainah Al-Dulaimi, Dhia Alzubaydi, Waleed A Mahmoud “Slantlet transform for multispectral image fusion” Journal of Computer Science, Vol.5, Issue 4, PP. 263-267, 2009.
[22] AHM Al-Heladi, WA Mahmoud, HA Hali, AF Fadhel “Multispectral Image Fusion using Walidlet Transform” Advances in Modelling and Analysis B, Volume 52, Iss. 1-2, pp. 1-20, 2009.
[23] AHM Al-Helali, Waleed A. Mahmoud, HA Ali “A Fast personal palm print authentication Based on 3d-multi–Wavelet Transformation”, Transnational Journal Of Science And Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 8, 2012.
[24] Hamid M Hasan, AL Jouhar, Majid A Alwan "Face recognition using improved FFT based radon by PSO and PCA techniques" International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 26-37, 2012.
[25] Waleed A Mahmoud, Dheyaa J Kadhim “A Proposal Algorithm to Solve Delay Constraint Least Cost Optimization Problem” Journal of Engineering, Vol.19, Iss 1, PP 155-160, 2013.
[26] WA Mahmoud, ALM Rasheed “3D Image Denoising by Using 3D Multiwavelet” AL-Mustansiriya J. Sci 21 (7), 108-136, 2010.
[27] Waleed A Mahmoud, MR Shaker “3D Ear Print Authentication using 3D Radon Transform” proceeding of 2nd International Conference on Information & Communication Technologies, Pages 1052-1056, 2006.
[28] K. Simonyan and A. Zisserman, “Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition,” International Conference on Learning Representations, Sep. 2015, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.1556.
[29] Rasha Ali Dihin, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher, Ibtesam N AlShemmary “Diabetic Retinopathy Image Classification Using Shift Window Transformer”, International Journal of Innovative Computing, Vol. 13, Issue 1-2, PP. 23-29, 2022.
[30] E. Dihin, R. Al-Jawher, Waleed and Al-Shemmary “Implementation of The Swin Transformer and Its Application In Image Classification” Journal Port Science Research, vol. 6, Issue 4, PP. 318-331. 2023.
[31] Rasha Ali Dihin, Ebtesam N. AlShemmary and Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher “Automated Binary Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy by SWIN Transformer” Journal of Al-Qadisiyah for computer Science and mathematics (JQCM), Vol 15, Issue 1, PP. 169-178, 2023.
[32] R. Ali Dihin, E. AlShemmary and Waleed Al-Jawher “Diabetic Retinopathy Classification Using Swin Transformer with Multi Wavelet” Journal of Kufa for Mathematics and Computer, Vol. 10, Issue 2, PP. 167-172, 2023.
[33] Rasha Ali Dihin, Ebtesam N AlShemmary, Waleed AM Al-Jawher, “Wavelet-Attention Swin for Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy Classification” Baghdad Science Journal, 2024.
[34] Saadi Mohammed Saadi, Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher “ Ensemble Learning with optimum Feature Selection for Tweet Fake News Detection using the Dragonfly approach” 16th Int. Conf. on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE), Pages 575-580, IEEE, 2023.
[35] Ahmed Hussein Salman, Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher “Enhanced Document Classification Using Ensemble Techniques” 16th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE), Pages 743-747, Publisher IEEE, 2023.
[36] V. Acharya and P. Kumar, “Identification and red blood cell classification using computer aided system to diagnose blood disorders,” 2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, and Informatics, ICACCI 2017, vol. 2017-January, pp. 2098–2104, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1109/ICACCI.2017.8126155.
[37] L. Putzu, G. Caocci, and C. Di Ruberto, “Leucocyte classification for leukaemia detection using image processing techniques,” Artif Intell Med, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 179–191, Nov. 2014, doi: 10.1016/J.ARTMED.2014.09.002.
[38] K. K. Jha, B. K. Das, and H. S. Dutta, “Detection of abnormal blood cells on the basis of nucleus shape and counting of WBC,” Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Green Computing, Communication and Electrical Engineering, ICGCCEE 2014, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1109/ICGCCEE.2014.6922219.
[39] Z. K. K. Alreza and A. Karimian, “Design a new algorithm to count white blood cells for classification leukemic blood image using machine vision system,” 2016 6th International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering, ICCKE 2016, pp. 251–256, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1109/ICCKE.2016.7802148.
[40] Saadi M Saadi and Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher “Image Fake News Prediction Based on Random Forest and Gradient-boosting Methods” Journal Port Science Research, Vol. 6, Issue 4, PP. 357-364, 2023.
[41] Ahmed Hussein Salman, Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher “A New Multi-class Classification Method Based on Machine Learning to Document Classification.” 16th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE), Pages 605-610, Publisher IEEE, 2023.
[42] Saadi Mohammed Saadi, Waleed Al-Jawher “Ensemble-Based Machine Learning Approach for Detecting Arabic Fake News on Twitter.” Journal Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle, Vol. 38, Issue 1, 2024.
[43] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher “A Hybrid Domain Medical Image Encryption Scheme Using URUK and WAM Chaotic Maps with Wavelet–Fourier Transforms” Journal of Cyber Security and Mobility, Pages 435–464-435–464, 2023.
[44] AA Abdul-Kareem, Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher “Uruk 4d Discrete Chaotic Map For Secure Communication Applications” Journal Port Science Research 5 (3), 131-142., 2023.
[45] AA Abdul-Kareem, Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher “Hybrid Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Compressive Sensing, Gray Wolf Optimization, And Chaos” Journal of Electronic Imaging 32 (4), 043038-043038, 2023.
[46] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher, “Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Arnold Transform and Chaos Theory in the Multi-wavelet Domain”, International Journal of Computers and Applications, Vol. 45, Issue 4, pp. 306-322, 2023.
[47] M. M. Alam and M. T. Islam, “Machine learning approach of automatic identification and counting of blood cells,” Healthc Technol Lett, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 103–108, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1049/HTL.2018.5098.
[48] A. Nazir and Mohd. A. Wani, “You Only Look Once - Object Detection Models: A Review,” in Proceedings of the 17th INDIACom; 2023 10th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development, INDIACom 2023, 2023, pp. 1088–1095.
[49] A. Acevedo, S. Alférez, A. Merino, L. Puigví, and J. Rodellar, “Recognition of peripheral blood cell images using convolutional neural networks,” Comput Methods Programs Biomed, vol. 180, p. 105020, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/J.CMPB.2019.105020.
[50] Q. Wang, S. Bi, M. Sun, Y. Wang, D. Wang, and S. Yang, “Deep learning approach to peripheral leukocyte recognition,” PLoS One, vol. 14, no. 6, p. e0218808, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0218808.
[51] Waleed A Mahmoud, Ahmed S Hadi “Systolic Array for Realization of Discrete Wavelet Transform “ Journal of Engineering, Vol. 13, Issue 2, PP. 1-9, 2007.
[52] Waleed A. Mahmoud, MS Abdulwahab, HN Al-Taai: “The Determination of 3D ultiwavelet Transform” IJCCCE, vol. 2, issue 4, 2005.
[53] WA Mahmoud “Computation of Wavelet and Multiwavelet Transforms Using Fast Fourier Transform” Journal Port Science Research 4 (2), 111-117, 2021.
[54] Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher, SH Awad “A proposed brain tumor detection algorithm using Multi wavelet Transform (MWT)”, Materials Today: Proceedings 65, 2731-2737, 2022.
[55] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher, “WAM 3D discrete chaotic map for secure communication applications” International Journal of Innovative Computing, Volume 13, Issue 1-2, Pages 45-54, 2022.
[56] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher, “Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Arnold Transform and Chaos Theory in the Multi-wavelet Domain”, International Journal of omputers and Applications, Vol. 45, Issue 4, pp. 306-322, 2023.
[57] Ali Akram Abdul-Kareem, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher “ An image encryption algorithm using hybrid sea lion optimization and chaos theory in the hartley domain” International Journal of Computers and Applications, Vol. 46, Issue 5, PP. 324-337, 2024.
[58] Qutaiba K Abed, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher “Optimized Color Image Encryption Using Arnold Transform, URUK Chaotic Map and GWO Algorithm” Journal Port Science Research, Vol. 7, Issue 3, PP. 210-236, 2024.
[59] Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher, Shaimaa A Shaaban “K-Mean Based Hyper-Metaheuristic Grey Wolf and Cuckoo Search Optimizers for Automatic MRI Medical Image Clustering” Journal Port Science Research, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 109-120, 2024.
[60] WA Mahmoud, AS Hadi, TM Jawad “Development of a 2-D Wavelet Transform based on Kronecker Product” - Al-Nahrain Journal of Science, Vol. 15, Issue 4, PP. 208-213, 2012.
[61] Y. Wu, D. Gao, Y. Fang, X. Xu, H. Gao, and Z. Ju, “SDE-YOLO: A Novel Method for Blood Cell Detection,” Biomimetics 2023, Vol. 8, Page 404, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 404, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.3390/BIOMIMETICS8050404.
[62] Qutaiba Kadhim, Waleed Ameen Mahmoud Al-Jawher “A new multiple-chaos image encryption algorithm based on block compressive sensing, swin transformer, and wild horse optimization” Multidisciplinary Science Journal, Vol. 7, Issue 1, PP. 2025012-2025012, 2024.
[63] A. U Mosa, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher “Image Fusion Algorithm using Grey Wolf optimization with Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm” International J. of Innovative Computing, Vol. 13, Issue 1-2, PP. 1-5. 2022.
[64] QK Abed, Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher, “A new Architecture of Key Generation Using Dwt for Image Encryption with Three Levels Arnold Transform Permutation” Journal Port Science Research 5 (3), 166–177-166–177, 2022.
[65] Q. K Abed, W. A Mahmoud Al-Jawher “A Robust Image Encryption Scheme Based on Block Compressive Sensing and Wavelet Transform” International J. of Innovative Computing, Vol. 13, I. 1-2, PP. 7-13, 2022.
[66] Zahraa A Hasan, Suha M Hadi, Waleed A Mahmoud, “Speech scrambler with multiwavelet, Arnold Transform and particle swarm optimization” Journal Pollack Periodica, Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages 125-131, 2023.
[67] ZA Hasan, SM Hadi, WA Mahmoud, “Time domain speech scrambler based on particle swarm optimization”, Pollack Periodica 18 (1), 161-166, 2023.
[68] Zahraa A Hasan 1, Suha M. Hadi, Waleed A. Mahmoud al-Jawher “Speech scrambling based on multiwavelet and Arnold ransformations”, Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 30, 2023.
[69] Afrah U Mosaa, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher “A proposed Hyper-Heuristic optimizer Nesting Grey Wolf Optimizer and COOT Algorithm for Multilevel Task” Journal Port Science Research, Vol. 6, PP. 310,317, 2023.
[70] Q. K Abed, Waleed A. Mahmoud Al-Jawher “An Image Encryption Method Based on Lorenz Chaotic Map and Hunter-Prey Optimization” Journal Port Science Research, Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 332-343, 2023.
[71] Zahraa A Hasan, Suha M Hadi, Waleed A Mahmoud Al-Jawher “Speech scrambling based on fan transform technology” Publication date 2023/12/22, Journal AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 2977, Issue 1, 2023.
[72] SMR Taha, WA Mahmood “New techniques for Daubechies wavelets and multiwavelets implementation using quantum computing” Facta universitatis-series: Electronics and Energetics 26 (2), 145-156, 2013.
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal Port Science Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Downloads
- Published: 2024-08-31
- Issue: Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): TRANSACTION ON ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
- Section: Articles