Journal Port Science Research (JPSR) is a refereed scholarly publication of the University of Uruk. Launched in 2018 as the official University of Uruk journal. JPSR is an interdisciplinary, open-access, double-blind peer-reviewed journal that brings together diverse research efforts… View full aims & scope
الجزاءات الانفراديّة الذكيّة في ظلِّ العقوبات الدوليّة وسيادة الدولة
الملخص شكّلت الجزاءات الدولية، منذ نشأتها، إحدى الأدوات الرئيسة التي اعتمدها المجتمع الدولي لضبط سلوك الفاعلين الخارجين على قواعد القانون الدولي والأعراف المستقرة، إلا أنّ هذه الجزاءات لم تخلُ من تداخل مفاهيمي ووظيفي مع العقوبات الانفرادية التي تفرضها دولة أو مجموعة دول خارج إطار مجلس الأمن، الأمر الذي أفضى إلى غموض اصطلاحي ومعياري متزايد، وقد تعمّق هذا الإشكال مع بروز ما يُعرف بالجزاءات الانفرادية الذكية، التي تُقدَّم بوصفها بديلاً أكثر دقة وانتقائية من العقوبات الشاملة، لكونها تستهدف أفراداً وكيانات محددة دون الاقتصادات الوطنية بأكملها، وقد ارتبط تطور فكرة الجزاءات بتطور التنظيم القانوني الدولي، من عصبة الأمم إلى الأمم المتحدة، ولا سيما في ظل الصلاحيات المقررة لمجلس الأمن بموجب الفصل السابع من الميثاق، وبعد الحرب الباردة، اتسع نطاق توظيف الجزاءات الذكية باعتبارها أداة وسطى بين الامتناع عن التدخل واللجوء إلى القوة. ومن هذا المنطلق، يتناول هذا البحث الإطار المفاهيمي للجزاءات الانفرادية الذكية، ويقوّم مدى اتساقها مع قواعد القانون الدولي العام وسيادة الدولة ومشروعية استخدامها في النظام العقابي الدولي الراهن المعاصر.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Port Science Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
تأثير النضج الرقمي في تعزيز التعاون التنافسي
الملخص تهدف الدراسة إلى بيان تأثير النضج الرقمي بأبعاده (الاستراتيجية الرقمية، السوق الرقمي، العمليات الرقمية، الثقافة الرقمية، التكنولوجيا الرقمية) في تعزيز التعاون التنافسي بأبعاده (التفاعل بين المنظمات، تبادل المعرفة، الأداء المشترك، التأثير في المنافسة، الثقة المتبادلة) في المصارف الخاصة العراقية المنتمية إلى رابطة المصارف الخاصة العراقية. واعتمدت المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من خلال استبانة وُزعت على عينة من (150) مديراً من أصل (250)، وتم تحليل البيانات باستخدام برنامج (SPSS). وأظهرت النتائج وجود تأثير معنوي للنضج الرقمي في تعزيز التعاون التنافسي، مما يدل على أن تحسين مستوى النضج الرقمي يسهم في رفع مستوى التعاون التنافسي في المصارف المبحوثة.
Real-Time Temperature Monitoring and Automatic Control Using Embedded System
Using embedded system technology in a greenhouse, the system seeks to autonomously regulate the temperature while monitoring it in real-time. These systems utilize sensors and microcontrollers to detect temperature changes, instantly activating heating or cooling components. To maintain constant environmental conditions, this method is applied in homes, agricultural settings, and industrial environments. It also helps to increase energy efficiency and decrease human intervention. A temperature control project was developed using an Arduino platform integrated with a PID control system, aiming to achieve precise and efficient temperature regulation. The system utilizes the PID algorithm to manage both cooling and heating mechanisms automatically. The desired temperature can be set remotely via the RemoteXY interface using Bluetooth communication. It relies on real-time data from a specific temperature sensor to perform continuous adjustments based on the PID logic. This approach enables high accuracy in temperature control while optimizing energy consumption and enhancing overall system efficiency.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
تأثير جمع البيانات والتنقيب للبيانات في استباقية الاداء الريادي – دراسة استطلاعية تحليلية في جامعة الاسراء الاهلية
الملخص يهدف البحث الحالي الى معرفة اهمية دور وتأثير جمع البيانات والتنقيب عن البيانات في استباقية الاداء الريادي. وتمثلت مشكلة البحث في تساؤل مهم وهو(ما هو تأثير ذكاء الاعمال في الاداء الريادي) ولتفسير العلاقة بين متغيرات البحث الرئيسية تم صياغة فرضيتين رئيستين للارتباط والتأثير واشتقت منها فرضيات فرعية . ولاجل تحقيق اهداف البحث استخدم المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في استقصاء آراء العاملين في جامعة الاسراء الاهلية ،اذ شملت العينة (74) من مجموع المجتمع الكلي البالغ (96) واستخدمت طريقة العينة القصدية جرى استطلاع آراهم بموجب استمارة استبيان محكمة ، ولتحليل البيانات تم استخدام البرنامج الاحصائي SPSS وبرنامج EXCEL ومن الاساليب الاحصائية المستخدمة هي (معامل الارتباط سبيرمان ومعامل الانحدار الخطي البسيط) وتوصل البحث الى عدد من الاستنتاجات اهمها دور وتأثير لجمع البيانات والتنقيب عن البيانات في استباقية الاداء الريادي يساهم في زيادة كفاءة تحليل وقراءة السوق بأمكانيات وادوات مختلفة تساند الاداء الريادي وتقدمه.
Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Levofloxacin–Thiourea Derivatives as Potential Antibacterial Agents
Fluoroquinolone resistance is a major challenge in managing bacterial infections and motivates the development of new derivatives with improved activity and pharmacokinetic properties . In this study, a series of levofloxacin–thiourea hybrids (L1–L3) were synthesized via esterification of levofloxacin, conversion to the corresponding hydrazide, and condensation with para‑substituted phenyl isothiocyanates under mild conditions. The structures of the intermediates and final products were confirmed by melting point, ATR‑FTIR, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, which demonstrated introduction of the hydrazide and thiourea moieties while preserving the levofloxacin core. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Escherichia coli (G–) and Staphylococcus aureus (G+) using the agar well diffusion method, with levofloxacin as reference; the p‑chloro derivative L2 showed inhibition zones comparable to or greater than levofloxacin at higher concentrations, whereas L1 and L3 retained substantial activity. SwissADME predictions indicated that all derivatives display high gastrointestinal absorption, acceptable polarity (TPSA 122.96 Å²), and only one Lipinski rule violation, with moderate decreases in solubility relative to levofloxacin but overall favourable drug‑likeness profiles. Molecular docking into the Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA gyrase–DNA complex (PDB ID: 4Z2D) showed that L1–L3 adopt poses similar to levofloxacin, preserving the key Mg²⁺‑mediated contacts and base stacking while forming additional hydrogen‑bond and π–π interactions through the thiourea–aryl fragment; L2 exhibited the most favourable docking score. Together, the experimental and in silico results identify levofloxacin–thiourea derivatives, particularly the p‑chloro analogue L2, as promising leads for further optimization against resistant bacterial pathogens.
The role of cloud computing in enhancing the efficiency of implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) – an applied study in commercial banks
This research aims to demonstrate the role of cloud computing in enhancing the efficiency of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) implementation in banks, given the increasing use of modern technologies in banking and accounting. The importance of this objective stems from banks' need for advanced accounting systems capable of meeting the requirements of international standards, thus ensuring the preparation of accurate, reliable, and timely financial reports. The research problem lies in exploring the extent to which cloud computing can address the challenges banks face when implementing IFRS, particularly those related to the complexity of accounting processes, the multiplicity of data sources, and reliance on traditional systems that may limit the efficiency and quality of financial reporting. Based on this problem, the research hypothesized that cloud computing effectively contributes to enhancing the efficiency of implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in banks by supporting accounting information systems and improving the accuracy and speed of financial processing. The research concluded that banks' adoption of cloud computing leads to improved quality of financial reports, The research recommended that banks adopt modern cloud solutions within their accounting systems, with attention to developing the technological infrastructure, enhancing cybersecurity procedures, and training accounting staff to ensure maximum benefit from cloud computing in supporting the efficient application of International Financial Reporting Standards.
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
application of international standards in banks
تطبيق نموذج فاما وفرنش سداسي العوامل على سوق العراق للأوراق المالية (2014-2023)
الملخص يهدف هذا البحث إلى تحليل مدى تأثير عوامل فاما وفرانش السداسية على عوائد الأسهم في سوق العراق للأوراق المالية خلال الفترة الممتدة من 2014 إلى 2023 تنبع مشكلة البحث من القصور الملحوظ في نماذج تسعير الأصول التقليدية مثل إنموذج CAPM في تفسير ديناميكيات السوق العراقية ولتحقيق هذا الهدف اعتمد البحث على منهج تحليلي كمي باستخدام البيانات الثانوية لعينة مكونة من 10 شركات مع تطبيق تحليل الانحدار المتعدد لاختبار الفرضيات .توضح النتائج بوضوح وجود سلوك فريد لبعض العوامل في السوق العراقية حيث جاءت عوامل الربحية والاستثمار متوافقة مع النظريات المالية السائدة في المقابل اظهرت عوامل الحجم والقيمة والزخم والسيولة سلوكا غير متسق مع هذه النظريات ويعود ذلك الى ان المستثمرين في هذا السوق يميلون الى تفضيل الشركات الكبيرة واسهم النمو والاصول السائلة ويستنتج البحث ان نموذج فاما وفرانش السداسي يمتلك قدرة تفسيرية اكبر بكثير من نموذج CAPM التقليدي في فهم عوائد الاسهم في السوق العراقية مما يجعله اداة اكثر فعالية للمستثمرين ومتخذي القرارات
دور منهجية DMAIC في تعزيز تقييم نضج الصناعة 4.0 في المؤسسات المصرفية / دراسة حالة في مصرف الرافدين
الملخص يهدف هذا المبحث الى استكشاف دور منهجية DMAIC كإطار تحليلي منهجي في تعزيز عملية تقييم نضج صناعة 4.0 داخل القطاع المصرفي، وذلك من خلال دراسة حالة تطبيقية في مصرف الرافدين في بغداد. تم توظيف نموذج الصناعة 4.0 (Industry 4.0 Maturity Model-MM) لتحديد مستوى الجاهزية الرقمية في المصرف، مع دمج خطوات منهجية DMAIC لتوفير مسار منظم لتشخيص الفجوات، وقياس الاداء، وتحليل الاسباب الجذرية، واقتراحات التحسينات، ثم الرقابة على النتائج. اعتمدت الدراسة على ادوات كمية ونوعية شملت استبيانات موجهة وتحليل احصائي للأوساط الحسابية والاوزان النسبية والانحرافات المعيارية، بالإضافة الى استخدام ادوات الجودة مثل مخطط باريتو. اظهرت النتائج ان المصرف يمتلك مستوى نضج متوسط الى جيد في عدد من الابعاد مثل الشراكة والرقمنة. بينما ظهرت فجوات واضحة في مجالات الاستثناءات، والتدريب، والبنية التحتية الرقمية. واكدت الدراسة ان دمج منهجية DMAIC مع نموذج النضج يسهم بشكل فعال في تحسين تشخيص الواقع الرقمي وتوجيه خطط التحول المؤسسي، مما يدعم استراتيجيات التحول الرقمي في البيئة المصرفية. يوصي البحث بضرورة اعتماد منهجيات تقييم مرنة قائمة على البيانات، وتوسيع برامج التوعية الرقمية وبناء القدرات داخل المصارف الحكومية لمواكبة متطلبات الثورة الصناعية الرابعة وتعزيز الشمول المالي
GRU-based Federated Learning for Privacy-Preserving Intrusion Detection in SDN-Enabled IoT Networks
Conventional security measures have become ineffective against advanced cyber threats due substantial attack surface resulting from the quick growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) allows centralized control, yet it also engenders privacy issues and complicates scalability. This paper proposes a privacy-preserving Intrusion Detection System (IDS) by integrating Software-Defined Networking (SDN) with a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)-based Federated Learning (FL) framework. The proposed SDN-FL-GRU model is different from centralized approaches because it lets distributed IoT nodes work together to train a global intrusion detection model without sharing raw data. It does this by using the FedAvg algorithm to combine the data in an efficient way. Testing the proposed framework on the CICIDS2017dataset shows that it can accurately detect complex attacks while keeping data private, with a detection accuracy of 93.4% and an F1-score of 92.8%. The results obtained indicate that the GRU-based approach outperforms traditional distributed models regarding convergence speed and effectiveness in resource-constrained edge environments.
تأثير ابعاد المسؤولية الاجتماعية للمصارف في معدل دوران السهم". دراسة تحليلية لعينة من المصارف العراقية الخاصة
اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من خلال تحليل البيانات المالية للمصارف المبحوثة، لاستقصاء مستوى تطبيق أبعاد المسؤولية الاجتماعية، كما تم استخدام مجموعة من الأدوات الإحصائية لقياس العلاقة والأثر بين المسؤولية الاجتماعية من جهة، والأداء المالي والسهمي من جهة أخرى.وتوصلت الدراسة الى عدد من النتائج تمثلت في وجود علاقة ارتباط وتأثير معنوي إيجابي بين أبعاد المسؤولية الاجتماعية ومؤشرات الأداء المالي والسهمي في المصارف العراقية الخاصة، إذ أظهرت المصارف التي تتبنى ممارسات المسؤولية الاجتماعية مستويات أعلى من الربحية، وكفاءة مالية أفضل، واستقراراً في القيمة السوقية. كما تبين أن البعد الاقتصادي للمسؤولية الاجتماعية يمثل التأثير الأقوى على الأداء المالي، يليه البعد الأخلاقي، في حين أن البعد الخيري يأتي بتأثير غير مباشر عبر تحسين السمعة المصرفية وتعزيز الثقة المجتمعية.
Dental Treatment Accomplished for Children Attending Diagnostic and Pediatric Dental Clinic at College of Dentistry, Uruk University.
Background: Dental caries still the most prevalent chronic oral disease among children, that sometimes need complex rather than simple preventive therapy in developing countries. Assessing dental treatment trends in teaching clinics is essential to enhance children oral health. Aim: To assess distribution and frequency of dental treatments accomplished to children attending the Diagnostic and Pediatric Dental Clinic at Uruk University's College of Dentistry in Baghdad city. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional design was accomplished using archived clinical records at diagnostic and pediatric dental clinics from two academic years (2023-2024 and 2024-2025). Children aged 3 to 14 years with complete records were encompassed. Dental procedures were divided into preventive, restorative, vital pulp therapy, extractions, and other therapies for oral ulcers. Data was examined with descriptive statistics (number and percentage). Chi-square test represent the inferential statistics. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall number of procedures reported was 4,189, up from 1,807 to 2,382 in the second academic year. Restorative treatments were the most common treatment (48.86% and 44.12%, respectively). followed by extraction that increased progressively (30.94% to 38.83%). Pulpotomy represent about one-fifth of treatments but reduced slightly in the next year. Fluoride prophylaxis represented the highest percentage of preventive therapy, while fissure sealant application increased in the next year. Overall, curative therapy exceeds preventive approachs. Conclusion: Pediatric dental services at diagnostic and pediatric dental clinics are mostly treatment-oriented, reflecting late presentation and a significant caries burden among youngsters. Although preventive techniques have improved, notably the use of fissure sealants, early diagnosis and prevention programs must be strengthened in order to shift care to minimally invasive dentistry and enhance pediatric oral health outcomes.
Benchmarking Binary Metaheuristics for Joint Feature Selection and SVM Tuning in Biomedical Classification
Hyperparameter optimization and feature selection are closely related aspects of biomedical classification systems, especially when samples are high-dimensional and limited in sample size. Traditional pipelines normally tackle these components separately, though they interact heavily in kernel-based classifiers like Support Vector Machines (SVMs). This paper presents a unified optimization model that concurrently selects informative biomedical features and optimizes SVM hyperparameters, and compares three high-level binary metaheuristic algorithms (Binary Harris Hawks Optimization (BHHO), Binary Differential Evolution (BDE), and Binary Marine Predators Algorithm (BMPA)) in the same set of experimental conditions. Both candidate solutions combine a binary feature-selection vector with continuous SVM parameters to allow exploration of the mixed search space. The proposed framework is tested against various biomedical data to perform different diagnostic tasks. The evaluation is performed experimentally in terms of AUC, F1-score, accuracy, and the feature reduction rate. Results demonstrate consistent improvements over baseline methods, with the highest overall discriminative performance recorded with BHHO, while BMPA produces the most compact feature subsets. This result shows that combined optimization using the proposed binary metaheuristics provides a powerful and interpretable method of diagnosing biomedical problems.
Biomedical classification; Joint optimization; Feature selection; Hyperparameter tuning; Binary metaheuristics; Support vector machine.
Artificial Intelligence; Machine Learning; Biomedical Informatics; Optimization Algorithms; Computational Intelligence
Electrocardiography Techniques for the Prediction and Detection of Coronary Artery Disease: Intelligent Diagnostic Support Systems
The high mortality rate around the world can be attributed to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Therefore, in order to prevent extreme outcomes (including coronary heart attacks and sudden death), early detection is essential. A diagnostic (non-invasive) tool commonly used to identify early symptoms of CAD is Electrocardiography (ECG). However, the interpreter's knowledge may overlook diffuse patterns, thus affecting the accuracy. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a promising solution that has emerged recently. That is because it can utilize advanced algorithms to analyze large ECG datasets and identify previously hidden indicators of early-stage disease. This research demonstrates the significance of ECG in CAD diagnosis and investigates how AI can enhance diagnostic accuracy to improve preventive measures for cardiac disease.
Human-centered design and its impact on customer commitment A survey study of the opinions of a sample of employees at the Royal Hospital
In the healthcare sector, fostering deep customer (patient) commitment is critical for improving patient outcomes, ensuring satisfaction, and building long-term loyalty. Human-Centered Design offers a strategic framework for achieving this by prioritizing the needs, experiences, and perspectives of patients throughout service delivery. While patient views are often studied, the perceptions of employees who implement and embody these principles are a crucial indicator of an organization's true adoption of Human-Centered Design. This study aims to investigate the impact of Human-Centered Design initiatives on customer commitment from the perspective of employees at the Royal Hospital. It seeks to understand employees' awareness of Human-Centered Design principles, their perception of its application in hospital processes, and their views on how these practices influence patient loyalty and trust. A quantitative cross-sectional survey research design was employed. A structured questionnaire was distributed to a stratified random sample of 90 clinical and non-clinical employees at the Royal Hospital. The survey measured variables across key dimensions: (1) employee understanding of Human-Centered Design, (2) perceived integration of Human-Centered Design in patient care workflows, (3) observed patient feedback and satisfaction, and (4) overall customer commitment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression to determine the relationship between Human-Centered Design adoption and customer commitment. The results indicate a strong positive correlation between employees' perceived use of Human-Centered Design and their assessment of customer commitment. Employees who reported a higher integration of Human-Centered Design principles—such as empathy, co-creation, and iterative feedback—in their departments also reported higher levels of patient trust, satisfaction, and intention to return. However, the study also identified variability in the implementation of Human-Centered Design across different hospital units, suggesting opportunities for more consistent training and application. The study concludes that from the employee perspective, Human-Centered Design is a significant driver of customer commitment within a healthcare setting. The findings underscore the importance of investing in Human-Centered Design training and embedding its principles into organizational culture and operational protocols. For the Royal Hospital and similar institutions, championing a human-centered approach is not merely an operational tactic but an essential strategy for enhancing patient care and securing sustainable commitment.
Human-Centered Design, Customer Commitment, Royal Hospital.
دراسة استطلاعية لاراء عينة من العاملين في المستشفى الملكي
The bank's life cycle and its impact on financial performance and market returns of stocks: an applied study on a sample of Iraqi private banks for the period 2013-2022
This research examines the relationship between the stages of a bank’s life cycle and their impact on financial performance and the market returns of its stocks, with a focus on banks in emerging markets. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, where banks are classified into specific life cycle stages based on financial and market indicators, followed by an analysis of financial data and stock reports over a defined period،The results reveal significant differences in financial performance and market returns across the various life cycle stages, confirming that a bank's life cycle phase influences operational efficiency and stock market value. The research contributes a practical analytical framework to assist managerial decision-makers and investors in optimizing their financial and investment strategies. Additionally, it addresses a critical gap in banking literature, particularly in emerging market contexts
A Review of AI and Shaping the Future of Education: From Rote Instruction to Intelligent Personalization
The world has changed dramatically with the evolution and speed-up of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the past few years – a change that impacts on many industries, and that has had a great influence on education. The traditional education system that included memorization with passive learning, minimal interaction and an attitude of “one size fits all” seems become less and less useful in digital age with new learner competences like critical thinking, creativity and adaptability. Thus, there is a growing interest in the application of AI to bring holistic transformation in education not only in the learning content and mode of delivery but also in the assessment processes resulting in the personalized learning path for each student com- prising his/her unique needs and potentials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review targeted at AI and education through the lens of theoretical and application research, which endeavours to expose the possibilities of AI to shape the future of education. As an illustration, the review by Singh et al., 2025 states AI based personalized tutoring, intelligent learning environment, data driven knowledge is transforming traditional education techniques. Along the same vein, a 2024 study by Ayeni & Al Hamad demonstrates how the adoption of AI in education transforms traditional pedalogies by enabling customized learning and enhancing student participation. As well as all of this, these are changes which are not just pedagogical; universities and education systems are wondering how to organize curriculum, assessment and resource to harness and not be harnessed by the potential of AI technologies.
The use of artificial intelligence engineering techniques and green cost-effective technologies in manufacturing and their role in reducing environmental costs
This research aims to reduce the environmental costs of the economic unit by fostering a green culture in manufacturing engineering processes using artificial intelligence for value chain activities, transforming them into environmentally friendly activities. It also aims to shift from traditional to cleaner production to achieve production efficiency and manufacture environmentally friendly green products using green engineering equipment. This contributes to recycling production waste and byproducts, reducing environmental failure costs, optimizing resource and energy utilization, and achieving financial savings through recycling products, waste, and production emissions. These savings can then be redirected towards investments that generate significant revenue, creating a green image in the eyes of environmental monitoring units and customers. The conclusions are that using artificial intelligence and green cost-effective technologies leads to reduced emissions and waste, increased production efficiency, elimination of material waste, and a reduction in environmental costs
The Internet of Everything (IOE) technology and its role in enhancing the quality of administrative decisions in economic units
This research aims to study the role of Internet of Things (IoT) technology strategy in improving the quality of managerial decisions, which in turn supports the evaluation of financial performance and operational efficiency to enhance the competitive advantages of economic units. The research focuses on how IoT technology can be used as a strategic tool to support managerial decision-making and raise performance levels in economic units by connecting people, data, processes, and devices to improve operational efficiency and reduce costs. The research is based on a review of previous literature that addressed the concept of IoT technology and its impact on the digital economy, in addition to analyzing the relationship between adopting this technology and improving financial indicators and operating costs. The results showed that adopting IoT technology significantly contributes to reducing financial waste, improving the accuracy of financial forecasts, and increasing return on investment. This makes it a strategic element in supporting digital transformation and building efficient, data-driven economies by providing an ideal environment for management to make appropriate managerial decisions based on objective analysis and indicators grounded in real data
Hedging using put options for Brent crude oil contracts
The research aims to measure the impact of using put options as a hedging tool to reduce losses resulting from fluctuations in crude oil prices, thru an analytical study on Brent crude contracts during the period from 2021 to 2024. The Black-Scholes model was used to price put options and estimate their theoretical value, with a comparison made between the realized returns in the presence and absence of hedging. The study relied on monthly data for futures contract prices as the execution price and spot prices, in addition to analyzing return variances and calculating the effectiveness of hedging using the variance reduction ratio as a quantitative tool. The results showed that the put option significantly contributed to reducing losses during periods of sharp price declines. Additionally, the return variance was reduced from (121.768) to (28.2781), indicating a notable improvement in the financial stability of oil sales. The effectiveness of the hedge reached (76.8%), a percentage that reflects the feasibility of this type of hedge in volatile market conditions. Accordingly, the research concluded that the put option is an effective tool in managing price risks, and its use is recommended within hedging strategies in oil markets, especially in light of sharp price fluctuations.
The Impact of Digital Transformation on Operational Performance: An Analytical Study of the Opinions of a Sample of Ashur International Bank Employees
The study aimed to determine the level of interest in digital transformation and operational performance, and to demonstrate the impact of digital transformation on operational performance. The study problem was manifested in the urgent need for the banking sector to adopt digital transformation technologies and mechanisms, which contributes to improving banking services and the resulting impact on operational performance, especially in light of the highly competitive environment in the Iraqi banking sector. The study was implemented at Ashur International Bank, and relied on a sample of (130) individuals, including division, department, and branch managers, unit heads, and employees, to survey their opinions according to a questionnaire prepared for this purpose. The study included two variables: the independent variable represented by digital transformation and its dimensions (digital process, technology, organizational culture, strategy, leadership), and the dependent variable represented by operational performance and its dimensions (cost, quality, flexibility, delivery). The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach and used a number of appropriate statistical methods through (SPSS v.24) , which included (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis). The results confirmed a relatively high level of interest in digital transformation and operational performance in the bank under study. They also showed that digital transformation has a significant impact on operational performance in the bank.
The Impact of Green Accounting on Enhancing the Level of Sustainable Performance: An Applied Study in the Iraqi Industrial Oil Company
This research aims to demonstrate the impact of the concept and practices of green accounting on improving the level of sustainable performance in industrial companies in general, and particularly in the General Company for Food Industries / Vegetable Oils. To achieve the objective of the study, the analytical–applied methodology based on quantitative data was adopted to measure and analyze the relationship between accounting disclosure and measurement of environmental costs and the three dimensions of sustainable performance (environmental, social, and economic). Each dimension was measured and disclosed through a set of indicators in accordance with the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) model By analyzing the ratio of environmental costs to total operating costs, it was found that the expenditures on environmental activities were very low, while the costs allocated to investment in environmental assets were relatively good. The findings revealed a positive impact of the low environmental costs ratio, which led to an improvement in environmental performance and a moderate relative improvement in economic performance, along with a negative impact on social performance.The research recommends the integration of green accounting systems within the traditional accounting framework by establishing a general structure that identifies all activities with environmental implications and specifies methods for their measurement, as well as distinguishing environmental costs and benefits from other operating costs. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of adopting sustainability reporting initiatives due to their crucial role in supporting sound decision-making and achieving economic, environmental, and social objectives.
The Role of Entrepreneurial Leadership in Promoting Organizational Innovation: A Field Study at the General Company for Food Products
This study aims to explore the role of entrepreneurial leadership in enhancing organizational innovation at the General Company for Food Products / Baghdad, one of the companies affiliated with the Ministry of Industry and Minerals. The significance of the study stems theoretically from the novelty of the examined variables and practically from the need to strengthen organizational innovation practices in order to improve institutional performance quality. Accordingly, the researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and utilized the questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. The data were statistically analyzed using modern statistical techniques after verifying the validity and reliability of the instrument in accordance with psychometric properties. To achieve the research objectives, validated measurement scales were adopted based on a five-point Likert scale and applied to a sample of (100) administrative and technical employees, in addition to conducting semi-structured interviews with a number of leaders. The findings revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and organizational innovation, as well as a significant effect of leadership on enhancing organizational creativity. The study recommended adopting supportive entrepreneurial leadership models to empower human resources, ensure innovation sustainability, and address future challenges effectively.
The role of oversight in promoting sustainable development: An analytical study of the reality of sustainable development in Iraq
This study aims to highlight the role of auditing, in its various forms (financial, internal, performance, and environmental), in promoting sustainable development requirements within organizations. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire to collect data from a sample of audit and accounting professionals. The statistical results for all auditing axes were above the neutral level, indicating positive and significant attitudes toward the importance of auditing in supporting sustainable development practices. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient also demonstrated strong, positive, and statistically significant relationships between the four audit axes and sustainable development. This confirms that a higher level of implementation of auditing activities is directly linked to an increased level of adoption of sustainable development principles. The study concluded that auditing plays a pivotal role in achieving a balance between the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development by enhancing transparency, accountability, and resource protection, in addition to improving the efficiency of institutional performance.
Soft leadership skills and their effect on innovative work behavior: A survey of the opinions of a sample of managers in Iraqi private banks
The research aims to explore the impact of soft leadership skills on innovative work behavior. The research started from a main question (Do soft leadership skills affect innovative work behavior in Iraqi private banks?). A questionnaire was used to collect data, and the sample was random, as it included (212) individuals from middle and supervisory management in the banks studied. The descriptive analytical method was used to analyze the data and extract the results. In the final result, the current research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is (The more management is interested in using human leadership methods such as soft skills based on understanding, motivation and positive interaction with employees, the more their enthusiasm and passion for their work increases, which leads to stimulating their innovative behavior within the work environment, which is reflected positively on the performance of banks and their competitive flexibility).
The role of spiritual capital in organizational sustainability: an exploratory study of the opinions of a sample of doctors in the hospitals of the city of medicine
The research aims to test "the role of spiritual capital in organizational sustainability" within the health sector. It addresses the central question of how spiritual capital can be employed to enhance sustainability in the investigated hospitals. Medical City hospitals were selected as the research field, and a random sample of 223 doctors was surveyed, representing different job levels, including senior residents, rotating residents, specialist doctors, and practicing doctors. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS V.28 and AMOS V.25, employing arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression. The findings reveal a positive and statistically significant relationship and effect between spiritual capital and organizational sustainability. The study concludes that strengthening spiritual capital across its various dimensions by hospital administrations contributes substantially to enhancing organizational sustainability in a practical and measurable manner.
Organizational integrity and its impact on reducing negative workplace behaviors: A survey study at the General Authority for Taxes
The research aims to determine the impact of organizational integrity on negative work behaviors. The research was based on a basic question (Does organizational integrity affect reducing negative work behaviors in the General Tax Authority?). The questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data, and it included two axes. The first axis dealt with the personal data of employees, while the second axis dealt with the paragraphs of the research variables (organizational integrity, negative work behaviors) (arithmetic mean, weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, Pearson's correlation coefficient, simple linear regression, multiple linear regression) via the programs (SPSS V.28, Smart Pls4, Microsoft Excel 2010) to reach the results related to them . The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is that the General Tax Authority was able to adopt organizational integrity and transparency to limit negative work behaviors better than if these variables were directed separately to limit them, in addition to resorting to adopting operating controls, organizational culture, clarity in procedures, and disclosure of information in a combined manner to actually aim to limit these behaviors.
Effectiveness of Myrrh in dentistry, A narrative review
Background: Myrrh is a natural plant with a long history of traditional use as analgesic, for treating inflammatory, infectious, and wound-related conditions. Recently, growing scientific interest has focused on its potential applications in dentistry and oral medicine. Objective: The objective of this narrative review is to summarize and critically evaluate published strength of evidence on the use of myrrh in dentistry and oral medicine. The review focuses on pharmacological properties, formulation methods, clinical applications, safety profile, and current research gaps Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, from July to November 2025. Relevant in vitro studies, animal experiments, clinical trials, and review articles investigating the dental and oral applications of myrrh were included. Data were analyzed qualitatively, focusing on antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and wound-healing effects relevant to oral health. Results: The reviewed studies indicate that myrrh demonstrates analgesia for certain oral condition, antimicrobial activity against several oral pathogens, along with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that may support oral wound healing and symptom relief. Clinically, myrrh has been formulated as gels, mouthwashes, and topical preparations, showing potential benefits in managing oral ulcers, gingivitis, and other oral mucosal conditions. However, significant variability exists in extraction methods, formulations, dosages, and study designs. Conclusion: Myrrh appears to be a promising adjunctive therapeutic agent in dentistry and oral medicine. Nevertheless, the current evidence is limited by heterogeneity and a lack of standardized protocols. Further well-designed, randomized clinical trials using standardized myrrh formulations are required to establish its efficacy, safety, and clinical applicability.
Review: Methods of synthesis of erlotinib and its derivatives as tyrosine kinase inhibitor in 2020-2025
This review focuses on the most important synthetic approaches to produce erlotinib and its derivatives, shows changes in their structure that minimized toxicity, surpassed resistance mechanisms, increased selectivity and improved therapeutic efficacy, The latest applications of green and medicinal chemistry and recent developments are covered. Erlotinib, a type of targeted cancer drug has been widely studied and modified over the past five years., it has already available in US, EU, Japan and other 100 countries worldwide since approved for medical use in 2004. Erlotinib is a first-generation inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. It is cleared to treat non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and a few other cancer. Its brand name is usually Tarceva. The presented review contains the following issue: summary of references concerning the synthesis methods, structure-activity correlation ship (SAR) or biological parameters related to erlotinib family analogues (from 2020 to 2025).
A Comprehensive Study of AI Chat GPT of Education: Benefits, Risks, Applications and Limitations : A Review
As technology continues to evolve at an exceptional pace, the incorporation of AI applications like Chat GPT has become increasingly influential in reshaping educational practices and guiding the trajectory of academic research. Innovations such as robots, chatbots, automated evaluation methods, and intelligent instructional platforms contribute to improving the quality of education and have led to a major transformation in how students learn and how teachers teach. However, this advanced intelligent model, increasingly used in educational and scientific research settings, calls for a careful evaluation of its benefits, challenges, and future implications. This remarkable progress opens new horizons for learning and innovation, but it is not without risks. Overdependence on AI technologies may contribute to dishonest academic practices, hinder the development of independent reasoning, and reduce conceptual comprehension. Additionally, there are issues related to user data security, potential algorithmic bias, and the spread of inaccurate or misleading information. Its drawbacks involve the inability to replicate human insight, dependence on well-formulated prompts, and the absence of emotional understanding. Despite these challenges, Chat GPT’s future in education looks promising. With ongoing refinement, stronger ethical standards, and adequate professional development for teachers, AI has the potential to serve as a valuable instructional partner. Future developments may also include deeper integration into curricula and adaptive learning systems, making AI a permanent part of modern education. This work reviews a selection of literature on the applications of artificial intelligence in education and scientific research in an attempt to understand the nature of this role and to highlight the educational and technical dimensions that accompany its use in educational settings, whether in general or university education.
New Trends in Image Restoration based on Artificial Intelligent Models: Analytical Study
Image restoration is a fundamental problem in low-level vision with applications in photography, surveillance, and archival imaging. This review synthesizes deep learning–based advances from 2018–2025, covering CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), GAN (Generative Adversarial Network), and Transformer families. This paper presents a unified taxonomy by degradation type (denoising, deblurring, super-resolution, dehazing/draining, JPEG deblocking, inpainting) and by model class. Representative architectures are summarized with their core design choices, training objectives, and computational characteristics. The comparison of common protocols, datasets (e.g., DIV2K, SIDD, GoPro, REDS), and metrics like PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), SSIM (Structural Similarity Index), and LPIPS (Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity are given also). The review analyzes trade-offs between fidelity, perceptual quality, and efficiency. The identification of open challenges, robust generalization to real-world degradations, efficient high-resolution inference, reliable perceptual evaluation, and unified multi-degradation handling, and outline research opportunities are also considered. This review aims to serve as a unified reference for practitioners and researchers developing next-generation image restoration systems.
Compression artifact removal (JPEG deblocking)
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal Port Science Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0